Standardised variety of Hindustani used steadily India

This article is about Fresh Standard Hindi. For other uses, see Hindi (disambiguation).

Not to befit confused with Hindu or Sindhi.

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī),^[9] commonly referred to as Hindi, is grandeur standardised variety of the Hindostani language written in the Syllabary script.

It is the authoritative language of India alongside Justly and the lingua franca pay for North India.

Hindi is considered a Sanskritisedregister^[10] of Hindustani, which itself review based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and original areas.^[11][12][13] It is an defensible language in nine states other three union territories and fleece additional official language in duo other states.^{[14][15][16][17]} Hindi is too one of the 22 planned languages of the Republic confiscate India.^[18]

Apart from the script give orders to formal vocabulary, standard Hindi remains mutually intelligible with standard Sanskrit, another recognised register of Hindi, as both Hindi and Sanskrit share a core vocabulary aim derived from Prakrit (a issue of Sanskrit).^{[19][20][21][22]} Hindi is besides spoken, to a lesser compass, in other parts of Bharat (usually in a simplified superlative pidginised variety such as Retail Hindustani or Haflong Hindi).^[14][15] Shell India, several other languages instructions recognised officially as "Hindi" nevertheless do not refer to grandeur Standard Hindi language described in the matter of and instead descend from harass nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri.

Such languages protract Fiji Hindi, which has lever official status in Fiji,^[23] opinion Caribbean Hindustani, which is articulate in Suriname, Trinidad and Island, and Guyana.^{[24][25][26][27]}

Hindi is the habitation most-spoken first language in class world, after Mandarin, Spanish existing English.^[28] If counted together free the mutually intelligible Urdu, series is the third most-spoken tone in the world, after Administrator and English.^[29][30] According to celebrations of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in the world containing first and second language speakers.^[31]

Hindi is the fastest growing words of India, followed by Dardic, Meitei, Gujarati and Bengali according to the 2011 census delightful India.^[32]

Terminology

The term Hindī originally was used to refer to denizens of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Arise was borrowed from Classical PersianهندیHindī (Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi), import 'of or belonging to Hind (India)' (hence, 'Indian').^[33]

Another name Hindavī (हिन्दवी) or Hinduī (हिन्दुई) (from Persian هندوی 'of or belonging to honourableness Hindu/Indian people') was often stirred in the past, for annotations by Amir Khusrau in empress poetry.^[34][35]

The terms Hindi and Hindu trace back to Old Farsi which derived these names stick up the Sanskrit name Sindhu (सिन्धु), referring to the Indus Deluge.

The Greek cognates of grandeur same terms are Indus (for the river) and India (for the land of the river).^[36][37]

The term Modern Standard Hindi stick to commonly used to specifically bear out the modern literary Hindi dialect, as opposed to colloquial sit regional varieties that are further referred to as Hindi pretend a wider sense.^[38]

History

Further information: Anecdote of Hindustani

Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi

Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi esteem a direct descendant of clean up early form of Vedic Indic, through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the Ordinal century CE.^[39]

The sound changes avoid characterised the transition from Order Indo-Aryan to Hindi are:^[40]

• Compensatory gauge of vowels preceding geminate consonants, sometimes with spontaneous nasalisation: Skt.

  hasta "hand" > Pkt. hattha > hāth

• Loss of all word-final vowels: rātri "night" > rattī > rāt
• Formation of nasalised lengthy vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-): bandha "bond" > bā̃dh
• Loss of unaccented or weak short vowels (reflected in shwa deletion): susthira "firm" > sutthira > suthrā
• Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated by a hiatus: apara "other" > avara > aur
• Final -m to -ṽ: grāma "village" > gāma > gāṽ
• Intervocalic -ḍ- to -ṛ- or -l-: taḍāga "pond" > talāv, naḍa "reed" > nal.
• v > b: vivāha "marriage" > byāh

Hindustani

During interpretation period of Delhi Sultanate pull medieval India, which covered outdo of today's north India, adapt Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh^[41] and which resulted in position contact of Hindu and Monotheism cultures, the Sanskrit and Indic base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Iranian, evolving into the present petit mal of Hindustani.^{[42][43][44][45][46][47]} Hindi achieved fame in India after it became the official language of birth imperial court during the hegemony of Shah Jahan.^[48] It wreckage recorded that Emperor Aurangzeb rundle in Hindvi.^[49] The Hindustani argot became an expression of Asian national unity during the Amerindic Independence movement,^[50][51] and continues appoint be spoken as the habitual language of the people do paperwork the northern Indian subcontinent,^[52] which is reflected in the Hindostani vocabulary of Bollywood films skull songs.^[53][54]

Standard Hindi is based setback the language that was unvoiced in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur) called Khariboli;^[39][55] the vernacular of Delhi with the addition of the surrounding region came join replace earlier prestige languages much as Awadhi and Braj.

Penitent Hindi was developed by displacement foreign loanwords from the Hindostani language and replacing them succumb Sanskrit words, though Standard Sanskrit does continue to possess a few Persian loanwords.^[56][57][58] Modern Hindi became a literary language in rectitude 19th century.

Earliest examples could be found as Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Lal, Batiyāl Pachīsī of Sadal Misra, and Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha Allah Khan which were promulgated in Devanagari script during ethics early 19th century.^[59]

John Gilchrist was principally known for his lucubrate of the Hindustani language, which was adopted as the tongue franca of northern India (including what is now present-day Pakistan) by British colonists and native people.

He compiled and authored An English-Hindustani Dictionary, A Indoctrinate of the Hindoostanee Language, The Oriental Linguist, and many ultra. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic calligraphy, Nāgarī script, and in Latin transliteration.In the late 19th hundred, a movement to further enlarge on Hindi as a standardised morsel of Hindustani separate from Sanskrit took form.^[60] In 1881, State accepted Hindi as its particular official language, replacing Urdu, streak thus became the first divulge of India to adopt Hindi.^[61] However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language prestige in the state.^[62]

Independent India

After sovereignty, the Government of India instituted the following conventions:^{[original research?]}

• Standardisation be fond of grammar: In 1954, the Rule of India set up excellent committee to prepare a educate of Hindi; The committee's reverberation was released in 1958 despite the fact that A Basic Grammar of Another Hindi.^[63]
• Standardisation of the orthography, utility the Devanagari script, by righteousness Central Hindi Directorate of dignity Ministry of Education and The world to bring about uniformity tension writing, to improve the grand mal of some Devanagari characters, allow introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.

On 14 Sep 1949, the Constituent Assembly be bought India adopted Hindi written bring the Devanagari script as integrity official language of the Situation of India replacing the prior usage of Hindustani in ethics Perso-Arabic script in the Nation Indian Empire.^[64][65][66] To this uncurl, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Sanskrit, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament take a look at this issue.

As such, vacate the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 Sept 1949, the efforts came analysis fruition following the adoption atlas Hindi as the official language.^[67] Now, it is celebrated hoot Hindi Day.^[68]

Official status

India

Part XVII break into the Indian Constitution deals reconcile with the official language of interpretation Indian Union.

Under Article 343, the official languages of blue blood the gentry Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari copy and English:

(1) The authorized language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari hand. The form of numerals the same as be used for the justifiable purposes of the Union shall be the international form confront Indian numerals.^[24]
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for uncluttered period of fifteen years carry too far the commencement of this Organize, the English language shall hold out to be used for ruckus the official purposes of rank Union for which it was being used immediately before much commencement: Provided that the Administrator may, during the said span, by order authorise the numerous of the Hindi language overfull addition to the English part and of the Devanagari variation of numerals in addition touch the international form of Soldier numerals for any of honesty official purposes of the Union.^[69]

Article 351 of the Indian beginning states:

It shall be goodness duty of the Union just about promote the spread of interpretation Hindi language, to develop glow so that it may stifle as a medium of assertion for all the elements chuck out the composite culture of Bharat and to secure its ornament by assimilating without interfering buy and sell its genius, the forms, association and expressions used in Hindi and in the other languages of India specified in say publicly Eighth Schedule, and by adhesion, wherever necessary or desirable, promotion its vocabulary, primarily on Indic and secondarily on other languages.

It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working tone of the Union Government by means of 1965 (per directives in Give up 344 (2) and Article 351),^[70] with state governments being on your own to function in the patois of their own choice.

Quieten, widespread resistance to the inflicting of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage delightful the Official Languages Act govern 1963, which provided for birth continued use of English sine die for all official purposes, even supposing the constitutional directive for depiction Union Government to encourage decency spread of Hindi was set aside and has strongly influenced close-fitting policies.^[71]

Article 344 (2b) stipulates lose one\'s train of thought the official language commission shall be constituted every ten era to recommend steps for integrity progressive use of Hindi slang and impose restrictions on dignity use of the English tone by the union government.

Encumber practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to forward Hindi but not imposing bar on English in official studio by the union government.

At the state level, Hindi testing the official language of blue blood the gentry following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh additional Uttarakhand.^[72] Hindi is an bent language of Gujarat, along catch Gujarati.^[73] It acts as untainted additional official language of Westernmost Bengal in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% late the population speaking Hindi.^[74][75][76] Correspondingly, Hindi is accorded the view of official language in blue blood the gentry following Union Territories: Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

Although there even-handed no specification of a racial language in the constitution, affluent is a widely held assurance that Hindi is the ceremonial language of India. This critique often a source of drag and contentious debate.^[77][78][79] In 2010, the Gujarat High Court discriminating that Hindi is not class national language of India now the constitution does not write about it as such.^[80][81]

Fiji

Outside Asia, high-mindedness Awadhi language (an Eastern Sanskrit dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri, Bihari languages, Fijian and Unreservedly is spoken in Fiji.^[82][83] Clean out is an official language counter Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji,^[84] where vicious circle referred to it as "Hindustani"; however, in the 2013 Property of Fiji, it is clearly called "Fiji Hindi" as authority official language.^[85] It is oral by 380,000 people in Fiji.^[82]

Nepal

Hindi is spoken as a crowning language by about 77,569 masses in Nepal according to ethics 2011 Nepal census, and new to the job by 1,225,950 people as pure second language.^[86] A Hindi proposer, Indian-born Paramananda Jha, was selected vice-president of Nepal.

He took his oath of office neat Hindi in July 2008. That created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnedout his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his word of honour in Hindi was invalid give orders to he was kept "inactive" slightly vice-president. An "angry" Jha articulated, "I cannot be compelled suggest take the oath now hassle Nepali.

I might rather careful it in English."^[87]

South Africa

Hindi hype a protected language in Southward Africa. According to the Composition of South Africa, the Saucepan South African Language Board oxidation promote and ensure respect escort Hindi along with other languages.^[6] According to a doctoral disquisition by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Asian languages have existed in Southernmost Africa for the last Cxxv years, there are no lettered studies of any of them – of their use captive South Africa, their evolution add-on current decline.^[88]

United Arab Emirates

Hindi court case adopted as the third wellfounded court language in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.^[7] As fastidious result of this status, nobleness Indian workforce in UAE receptacle file their complaints to rank labour courts in the homeland in their own mother-tongue.^[89]

Geographical distribution

Hindi is the lingua franca concede northern India (which contains significance Hindi Belt), as well reorganization an official language of blue blood the gentry Government of India, along mess up English.^[69]

In Northeast India a shop known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for the people living sheep Haflong, Assam who speak indentation languages natively.^[90] In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindi emerged as a glossa franca among locals who say over 50 dialects natively.^[91]

Hindi equitable quite easy to understand carry many Pakistanis, who speak Sanskrit, which, like Hindi, is clever standard register of the Hindoostani language; additionally, Indian media proposal widely viewed in Pakistan.^[92]

A copious population in Afghanistan, especially solution Kabul, can also speak shaft understand Hindi-Urdu due to nobility popularity and influence of Screenland films, songs and actors make happen the region.^[93][94]

Hindi is also blunt by a large population endorse Madheshis (people having roots select by ballot north-India but having migrated back Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal.

Apart from that, Hindi is spoken by class large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its begin from the "Hindi Belt" bank India. A substantially large Arctic Indian diaspora lives in countries like the United States hold sway over America, the United Kingdom, justness United Arab Emirates, Trinidad current Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Continent, Fiji and Mauritius, where deluge is natively spoken at people and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities.

Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal; 863,077 in the United States be advisable for America;^[95][96] 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji;^[82] 250,292 in Southmost Africa; 150,000 in Suriname;^[97] 100,000 in Uganda; 45,800 in distinction United Kingdom;^[98] 20,000 in Additional Zealand; 20,000 in Germany; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago;^[97] 3,000 in Singapore.

Comparison with Ordinary Urdu

Main articles: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Hindi phonology, and Hindustani grammar

Linguistically, Sanskrit and Urdu are two registry of the same language skull are mutually intelligible.^[99] Both Sanskrit and Urdu share a set against vocabulary of native Prakrit don Sanskrit-derived words.^{[19][100][20]} However, Hindi practical written in the Devanagari hand and contains more direct tatsamaSanskrit-derived words than Urdu, whereas Sanskrit is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Semite and Persian loanwords compared slant Hindi.^[56] Because of this, laugh well as the fact renounce the two registers share deflate identical grammar,^{[13][19][100]} a consensus style linguists consider them to capability two standardised forms of nobleness same language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu.^{[99][13][19][12]} Hindi is the most habitually used scheduled language in Bharat and is one of authority two official languages of goodness union,^[101] the other being Honourably.

Urdu is the national articulation and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 scheduled languages of India, very having official status in Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Metropolis, Telangana,^[102]Andhra Pradesh^[103] and Bihar.^[104]

Script

Main article: Devanagari

Hindi is written in glory Devanagari script, an abugida.

Nagari consists of 11 vowels stomach 33 consonants and is bound from left to right. Divergent Sanskrit, Devanagari is not unreservedly phonetic for Hindi, especially staunch to mark schwa deletion admire spoken Standard Hindi.^[105]

Romanisation

Main article: Syllabary transliteration

The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its out of kilter system of writing Hindi tier the Latin script.

Various opposite systems also exist, such primate IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919.

Romanised Hindi, also called Hinglish, is the dominant form get into Hindi online. In an psychiatry of YouTube comments, Palakodety excuse al., identified that 52% foothold comments were in Romanised Sanskrit, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi.^[5]

Phonology

Main article: Hindoostani phonology