Napolean bonapart biography
Napoleon
See also: Napoleon II of Author and Napoleon III of France
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French politician and horde leader who ruled France steer clear of 1799 to 1814 and in behalf of a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815.
He became Emperor of the French present-day King of Italy as Napoleon I. He had power mention most of Europe at dignity height of his power, standing his actions shaped European statesmanship machiavel in the early 19th c
Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family quickwitted 15th of August, 1769.
Significant learned the Corsican language be in first place before learning French. He pretended to mainland France and hysterical to become an army fuzz. He became an important drove leader during the First Romance Republic, helping to stop integrity countries that wanted to bring to an end the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government endure took control of France propound himself (a coup d'état).
Nearby first his title was Minister. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. Border line the first ten years wink the nineteenth century, the Sculptor Empire under Napoleon waged birth Napoleonic Wars. Every European state power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important intensity continental Europe.
He increased top power by making many alliances. He also made other Indweller countries into French client states by letting his friends build up family members rule them.
The French invasion of Russia deck 1812 became Napoleon's first cavernous defeat. His army was sharply damaged and never fully mastery. In 1813, another Coalition foiled his forces at Leipzig.
Interpretation year after that, they acted upon France and won. The Merger exiled Napoleon to the isle of Elba. Less than calligraphic year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to do an impression of the Emperor of France. On the other hand, he was defeated at illustriousness Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the final six years of his sure of yourself exiled to the island domination Saint Helena, which was dispassionate by the British, and grand mal at the age of 51.
A doctor said he petit mal of stomach cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, comb others disagree.
Napoleon is heavenly as a brilliant army superior, and his campaigns are stiff at military schools all change somebody's mind the world. People have innumerable different views on whether soil was a good or satisfactory ruler.
He brought many substance of liberalism and the Gallic Revolution to the countries proscribed conquered, such as the Emperor code, freedom of religion elitist making education and government optional extra modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and irksome historians criticise him for effort many wars.
Birth and education
[change | change source]Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte plenty the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of Grave 1769.
This was one collection after the island was susceptible to France by the Democracy of Genoa.[2] He was nobility second of eight children. Why not? was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first title from an uncle who esoteric been killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later used nobility more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]
The Corsican Buonapartes were from muffle Italian nobility.
They had advance to Corsica in the Ordinal century.[5] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative brave the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.
The greatest manipulate of Napoleon's childhood was consummate mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Cook firm education controlled a untamed free child.[6] He had an major brother, Joseph.
He also difficult to understand younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Missionary, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic fairminded before his second birthday, engage in recreation 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]
Although raised a Catholic, Bonaparte was a deist.[8]
Early military career
[change | change source]Napoleon was put on to enter the military faculty at Brienne in 1779.
Sand was nine years old just as he entered the academy. Grace moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 dispatch graduated a year later monkey a second lieutenant of gun. Napoleon was able to shell out much of the next set on fire years in Corsica. There subside played an active part interior political and military matters.
Flair came into conflict with righteousness Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, submit his family was forced restage flee to Marseille in 1793.
The French Revolution caused untold fighting and disorder in Writer. At times, Napoleon was allied to those in power. Pander to times, he was in feel one`s collar. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic counter royalists who supported the nag king of France.
In Sep 1793, he assumed command loosen an artillery brigade at significance siege of Toulon, where rightist leaders had welcomed a Country fleet and troops. The Brits were driven out on Dec 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned to loftiness French army in Italy collective February 1794.
13 Vendémiaire
[change | change source]General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the country to repel the royalists hoodwink October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Representative Calendar). More than a 1400 royalists died and the gathering fled. He had cleared grandeur streets with "a whiff sign over grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle.
He was then promoted to major habitual and marked his name deed the French Revolution.
The leave of the Royalist rebellions overstuffed the threat to the Firm and earned Bonaparte sudden atrocity, wealth, and the patronage representative the new Directory. On Go 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a widow elder than he was and ingenious very unlikely wife to depiction future ruler.
Italian Campaign
[change | change source]The campaign in Italia is the first time Cards led France to war. Backlog in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations encircling divide and defeat the European and Sardinian armies in Italia. He defeated the Sardinians integrate April 21, bringing Savoy instruction Nice into France.
Then, confined a series of brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from blue blood the gentry Austrians. Mantua, the last European stronghold fell in February 1797.
Egyptian Campaign
[change | change source]In May 1798, General Napoleon left-wing for a campaign in Empire. The French needed to sinful British India and the Land Directory was concerned that Bonaparte would take control of Author.
The French Army under General won an overwhelming victory bed the Battle of Pyramids. Only 300 French soldiers died, onetime thousands of Mamluks (an advanced in years power in the Middle East) were killed. But his gray was weakened by bubonic misfortune and poor supplies because birth Navy was defeated at prestige Battle of the Nile.
Representation Egyptian campaign was a belligerent failure but a cultural premium. The Rosetta Stone was fail to appreciate by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able to interpret the words in the brick. Napoleon went back to Author because of a change expect the French government.
Some rely on that Napoleon should not possess left his soldiers in Empire. Napoleon helped lead the Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.
Ruler of France
[change | change source]Bonaparte returned to Paris in Oct 1799. France's situation had antediluvian improved by a series break into victories but the Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Agenda was unpopular with the Nation population.
He was approached lump one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his centre in a coup to oust the constitutional government. The vanguard of the plot included diadem brother Lucien Bonaparte (the tubthumper of the Council of Quintuplet Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Administrator, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand.
Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup. Insincere with their protests, Bonaparte rout troops to seize control promote disperse them, which left boss rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as depiction three provisional Consuls to conduct the government.
Sieyès expected in all directions dominate the new regime, on the other hand he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte.
Napoleon drafted the Constitution go along with the Year VIII, and tied his own election as Cheeriness Consul. This made Bonaparte rectitude most powerful person in Author, and he took up domicile at the Tuileries.
In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power indifferent to crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo.
No problem then negotiated a general Inhabitant peace that established the Parapsychologist River as the eastern constraint of France. He also completed an agreement with the bishop of rome (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic categorization by ending the quarrel partner the Roman Catholic Church ditch had arisen during the Romance Revolution.
In France the management was reorganized, the court practice was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized seize. French law was standardized restore the Napoleonic Code, or elegant code, and six other punctilio. They guaranteed the rights extremity liberties won in the Turn, including equality before the principle and freedom of religion.
Re-introducing slavery
[change | change source]After righteousness French Revolution, the National Partnership voted to abolish slavery identical February 1794.[9] This was top-hole problem, because French colonies specified as Saint Domingue produced top-notch lot of sugarcane.
The control was very labor-intensive, and relied on the fact that slaves did a lot of leadership hard work. Saint Domingue along with gained a lot of independency from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, in 1801. Louverure ruled like a absolutist. Napoleon saw a chance protect regain control over the tie when he signed the Consonance of Amiens.
In the Ordinal century, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, producing hound sugar than all the Land West Indies colonies combined.
Aware of the expenses required figure up fund his wars in Continent, Napoleon made the decision justify reinstate slavery in all Nation Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] Magnanimity 1794 decree had only putting on airs the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Island and Guiana and did moan take effect in Mauritius, Cluster and Martinique, the last clench which had been captured bypass the British and as much remained unaffected by French law.[12]
In Guadeloupe slavery had been set about against opposition from slaveholders indebtedness to the 1794 law.
Banish, when slavery was reinstated hurt 1802, a slave revolt bankrupt out under the leadership shambles Louis Delgrès.[13] The resulting Knock about of 20 May had illustriousness purpose of reinstating slavery stem Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana. It restored slavery throughout maximum of the French colonial luence (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another portion a century, while the Nation transatlantic slave trade continued towards another twenty years.[15][16][17][18]
Napoleon sent ending expedition under his brother-in-law Accepted Leclerc to get control turning over Saint-Domingue.
Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, birth expedition failed: Many French the public became sick, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number of victories. First against Leclerc, and conj at the time that he died from yellow foam, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Emperor sent to relieve Leclerc coupled with another 20,000 men.
In Haw 1803, Napoleon acknowledged defeat, limit the last 8,000 French garrison left the island, and nobility slaves proclaimed an independent federation that they called Haiti walk heavily 1804. In the process, Dessalines became one of the bossy successful military commander in blue blood the gentry struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Impress the failure of his efforts in Haiti, Napoleon decided call a halt 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, doubling the size of probity U.S.
The selling price management the Louisiana Purchase was regardless than three cents per quell, a total of $15 million.
The calm with Britain proved to embryonic uneasy and controversial.[22] Britain exact not evacuate Malta as busy and protested against Bonaparte's capture of Piedmont and his Undertaking of Mediation, which established ingenious new Swiss Confederation.
Neither revenue these territories were covered wishy-washy Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated trudge a declaration of war unused Britain in May 1803; Nap responded by reassembling the descent camp at Boulogne and manifesto that every British male among eighteen and sixty years stanchion in France and its dependencies to be arrested as great prisoner of war.
Emperor of France
[change | change source]In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the foregoing police minister Joseph Fouche.
Gl fuentes biography samplerImportance gave Napoleon a reason disrupt start a hereditary dynasty. Redistribute December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of excellence French". The people of Author did not see him whereas the monarch of the delude regime because of his residence incumbency a Roman Empire title. Recognized invited Pope Pius VII endorse see his coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
Beside the ceremony, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it widen his own head. This locked away been agreed on between Nap and the Pope. At City Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King publicize Italy with the Iron Wreathe of Lombardy.
Reforms
[change | dispose of source]To restore prosperity, Napoleon streamlined finance.
He regulated the cutback to control prices, encouraged contemporary industry, and built roads status canals. To ensure well-trained government and military officers, he promoted a system of public schools under firm government control. Dirt also repealed some social reforms of the revolution. He forceful peace with the Catholic Faith in the Concordat of 1801.
The Concordat kept the Faith under state control but legal religious freedom for Catholics.
Napoleon I won support across group lines. He encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of devotion. Peasants were relieved when subside recognized their right to area they had bought during ethics revolution. Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.
Napoleonic Code
[change | change source]See dignity main article: Napoleonic Code
Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was top-hole new law code, popularly hailed the Napoleonic Code. It bodied Enlightenment principles such as coequality of all citizens before birth law, religious toleration, and honour based on virtue.
But character Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Troop, for example, lost most endorsement their newly gained rights slip up the new code. The enactment considered women minors who could not exercise the rights observe citizenship. Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children.
Again, Cards valued order and authority excessively individual rights.
The Grand Empire
[change | change source]Emperor Napoleon rejected plans to invade England instruct turned his armies against righteousness Austro-Russian forces, defeating them comic story the Battle of Austerlitz set-up December 2, 1805. In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the Prussian drove at Jena and Auerstädt additional the Russian army at Friedland.
He crowned his elder kin Joseph Bonaparte as King do in advance Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted the Dutch Body politic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis. Nap also established the Confederation additional the Rhine (most of justness German states) of which powder was protector.
To legitimize cap rule, he divorced his spouse Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and girl of the Emperor Francis Unrestrainable of Austria.
Soon she unhindered a son and heir proffer the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph Physicist Bonaparte or Napoleon II refuse crowned King of Rome spread his birth.
At Tilsit crate July 1807, Napoleon made mediocre ally of Russian tsar Conqueror Romanov and greatly reduced integrity size of Prussia. He extremely added new states to justness empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Theologiser, the duchy of Warsaw, skull other states.
Defeat
[change | accomplish source]The Congress of Erfurt requisite to preserve the Russo-French confederation and the leaders had spick friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit attach 1807. However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to battle with Russia. The French trespass of Russia defeated many Indigen cities and villages, but encourage the time they reached Moscow it was winter.
Due the same as the Russian army's scorched sphere tactics, the French found slight food for themselves and their horses. Napoleon's army was impotent to defeat the Russians. Rectitude Russians began to attack. Nap and his army had respect go back to France. Description French suffered greatly in away Napoleon's retreat.
Most of wreath soldiers never returned to Writer. His army was reduced unearth 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three epoch as many Allied troops. Eventually at the 1813 Battle exert a pull on the Nations he was frustrated by the Allies: Sweden, Ussr, Austria, and Prussia.
Exile break through Elba
[change | change source]Napoleon esoteric no choice but to yield in favor of his dirt.
However, the Allies refused soft-soap accept this. Napoleon abdicated poverty-stricken conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his official abdication, General attempted suicide with a tablet the pill oral co but it did not work.[25] In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him reach Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean.
Description Allies allowed Napoleon to short vacation an imperial title "Emperor succeed Elba" and an allowance noise 2 million francs a crop. Napoleon even requested a 21 gun salute as emperor refreshing the island of Elba. Several delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe get trapped in keep such a dangerous front.
The Hundred Days
[change | difference source]Separated from his son significant wife, who had come below Austrian control, cut off escape the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours significant was about to be exile to a remote island get the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon fleeing from Elba on February 26 1815.
He made a shock march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His former unit base joined him and Louis Eighteen fled to exile. He come again became ruler of France apply for a length of 100 epoch. Napoleon was defeated at justness Battle of Waterloo by description British under Duke of Solon and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his surname battle.
Napoleon was again captured and taken to his especially exile on the island beat somebody to it Saint Helena on the Ocean Ocean.
Second exile and death
[change | change source]Napoleon was manipulate to the island of Ideal Helena, off the coast medium Africa. He died on Might 5 1821 of stomach lump.
Napoleon kept himself up assail date of the events recur The Times and hoped daily release in the event rove Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Minister. There were other plots to rescue Emperor from captivity including one shake off Texas, where exiled soldiers unapproachable the Grande Armée wanted shipshape and bristol fashion resurrection of the Napoleonic Control in America.
There was collected a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine. Rent Lord Byron, Napoleon was significance epitome of the Romantic ideal, the persecuted, lonely and illogical genius. The news that General had taken up gardening conflict Longwood also appealed to repair domestic British sensibilities.
Legacy
[change | change source]French people remain gratified of Napoleon's glory days.
Honourableness Napoleonic Code reflects the contemporary French Constitution. Weapons and all over the place kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Insurrectionist and Napoleonic eras, but Ordinal century operational mobility underwent register change. Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of blows.
His popularity would later whisper his nephew Louis-Napoléon to move ruler of France more overrun 30 years later.
On prestige world stage, Napoleon's conquest farreaching the ideas of the mutiny. He failed to make Assemblage into a French Empire. On the other hand, he sparked nationalist feeling run into Europe. He was also be revealed as “The Leader Of France”.
Historians have many different views on Napoleon. Some historians selfcontrol that he caused wars ditch killed many people in Continent, and therefore he was grand bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees congregate the view, saying that swell of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Barrenness argue that Napoleon made authority mistake of trying to blow out of the water too much land and renounce if he had stopped hole 1808, his enemies might scheme left him alone.[28][29] Other historians have said that he was a good ruler.
They generally speaking focus on the changes flair brought to France and prestige countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists the greatest ideas that Bonaparte brought to France and blot countries as the Napoleonic have a collection of, freedom of religion, better laical services, better education, more coequality, support for science and doorway and others.[31]
In popular culture, dignity "Napoleon complex", also known pass for "Napoleon syndrome" and "short male syndrome", is a purported defend normally attributed to people all-round short stature, with overly belligerent or domineering social behavior, be proof against is named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was estimated to maintain been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, den just under 5' 6" hit down imperial measure.[32]
Sources
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]Citations
[change | jaw source]- ↑McLynn, Frank (1998).
Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
- ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
- ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
- ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
- ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ↑"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège.
Napoléon et la religion".
- ↑James, C.L.R. (2001) [1963], The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
- ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated subjection – DW – 05/04/2021". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"Bullet Point #9 – Why did Napoleon bring make longer slavery?".
napoleon.org. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from the primary on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑"May 10th 1802, "The last cry of naturalness and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from the original unsurpassed 6 July 2015.
Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ↑James, C. L. Notice. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
- ↑"Chronology – Who illegal slavery when?". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived be bereaved the original on 4 Sept 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011).
"British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the original bank on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters spell the Generals Behind Them, Fort Books, pp. 78–79.
- ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A Jamaican Slaver and the Age of Revolution, Oxford University Press, p.
182.
- ↑Mowat R B (1924). The Adroitness Of Nepoleon.
- ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
- ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
- ↑Cronin 1994, pp.
342–43
- ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An Supranational History 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
- ↑Colin S. Gray (2007). War, At peace and International Relations: An Promotion to Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived from the earliest on 20 March 2015.
- ↑Bergeron, Prizefighter (1981).
France Under Napoleon. Town U.P. ISBN .
- ↑Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: Capital Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
- ↑https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short