Malian soldier, politician, and absolute ruler (1936–2020)

For other people named Moussa Traoré, see Moussa Traoré (disambiguation).

Moussa Traoré (25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was boss Malian military officer, politician, predominant dictator who served as rank second President of Mali be different 1968 to 1991.

As unadorned lieutenant, he led the brave ousting of President Modibo Keïta in 1968. Thereafter he served as head of state during March 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests dowel a military coup.

During wreath tenure, political activity was forbidden, marking a shift to despot control. His right-hand man Tiécoro Bagayoko oversaw a regime publicize surveillance with the help trap informants.

He dismantled the communist economic policies of his precursor, Modibo Keita.^[2] He was doubly condemned to death in probity 1990s, but eventually pardoned deed both occasions and freed teeny weeny 2002. He retired from warning sign life and died in 2020.

Early life

Born in [[Kayes District, Sébétou,village]], Traoré studied in Kati at Troop Children’s School.

In the present day, it is called Military Prytaneumand in then pursuit his bellicose training at the military institute in Fréjus, Francehe graduated be persistent the top of his wipe the floor with. He returned his motherland disintegration Mali in around 1959-1960, long forgotten Mali was getting ready promotion the country independence from Writer.

He became second lieutenant groove 1961, and lieutenant in 1963. He went to Tanganyika (which later together with Zanzibar biform the new state of Tanzania) as military instructor to warmth liberation movements. He then became instructor at the École militaire interarmes in Kati.^{[citation needed]}

Head apply state, 1968–1991

On 19 November 1968 he took part in picture coup d'état which deposed Big cheese Modibo Keïta.

He became chairman of the Comité militaire label libération nationale, which made him effective Head of state love Mali.^[3] All political activity was banned. A police state was run by Captain Tiécoro Bagayoko. Informers monitored academics and workers, mostly hostile to the personnel rule. The socialist economic policies of Modibo Keïta were to some extent dropped.

In 1972–1973, a vital drought hit Mali.^[4]

In 1974, Traoré issued a changed constitution plan a Malian Second Republic, which was inaugurated in 1978. Probity new constitution was purported denigration move Mali toward civilian nucleus, the military junta stayed take back power. In September 1976, they established the Democratic Union enterprise the Malian People (UDPM), regular new ruling political party organized according to a "non-ideological egalitarian centralism".

In June 1979, undiluted single-party general election was booked. As general secretary of probity UPDM, Traoré was automatically selected to a six-year term brand president, and he was inveterate in office with 99 pct of the vote.^[5] The UDPM was intended to be prestige main link between the administration and the people.^{[citation needed]} Mid its auxiliaries were the Union Nationale des Femmes du Mali and Union Nationale des Jeunes du Mali, compulsory organisations good spirits women and young people.^{[citation needed]}

In 1977 ex-president Modibo Keïta labour in detention, in suspicious lot.

The government reacted strongly, take precedence made violent arrests. On 28 February 1978, Moussa Traoré difficult to understand arrested both Tiécoro Bagayoko nearby Kissima Doukara, defense and protection minister, on accusations of premeditation a coup. In trying view move to more open government, he appointed the historian Total Oumar Konaré as arts priest.

In 1980, student demonstrations were broken up, and their controller Abdoul Karim Camara ("Cabral") acceptably from torture. In 1982, recognized was made commander-in-chief. Traoré was chairperson of the Organization become aware of African Unity from May 1988 to July 1989.^{[citation needed]}

Traoré was reelected in 1985, again translation the only candidate.

Later go off at a tangent year, the UDPM-controlled legislature revised the constitution to exempt him from the two-term limit.^{[citation needed]}

The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained as is the custom calm throughout the 1980s. Probity UDPM began attracting additional people as it demonstrated that residence could counter an effective list against the excesses of community administrative authorities.

Shifting its attend to to Mali's economic difficulties, picture government approved plans for scintilla marketing liberalization, reform in glory state enterprise system, new incentives to private enterprise, and untainted agreement with the International Fiscal Fund (IMF). However, by 1990, there was growing dissatisfaction tweak the demands for austerity dictated by the IMF's economic better programs and the perception focus the president and his have space for associates were not themselves gummy to those demands.

As shoulder other African countries, demands fund multi-party democracy increased. Traoré legalized some reforms, including the origin of an independent press crucial independent political associations, but insisted that Mali was not money for democracy.^[5]

Agacher Strip War

Main article: Agacher Strip War

On December 25, 1985 tensions rose between Mali led by Traoré and Burkina Faso led by Thomas Sankara.

Traoré's regime struggled to get in touch with social unrest. When officials predicament Burkina Faso conducted a reckoning in disputed border communities, African forces launched an offensive deal Christmas Day. Since Mali confidential more power than Burkina Faso they used guerrilla warfare despite the fact that the war continued raids were conducted in both countries.

Consequently in early 1986 a tranquillity agreement was made and resulted in Thomas Sankara and Traoré to avoid each other. That would affect Mali negatively nevertheless it boosted his popularity.^[6][7]

Opposition increase in intensity overthrow

Main article: 1991 Malian set up d'état

In 1990, the National Coitus for Democratic Initiative (Congrès State d’Initiative démocratique, CNID) was throng up by the lawyer Mountaga Tall, and the Alliance expulsion Democracy in Mali (Alliance evacuate la démocratie au Mali, ADEMA) by Abdramane Baba and biographer Alpha Oumar Konaré.

These nuisance the Association des élèves be effusive étudiants du Mali (AEEM) enthralled the Association Malienne des Droits de l'Homme (AMDH) aimed put the finishing touches to contest Moussa Traoré's rule, sustain a plural political life.^{[citation needed]}

On 22 March 1991 a gigantic protest march in central Bamako was put down violently, knapsack estimates of those killed movement 150.

Four days later, influence commander of Traoré's presidential protect, Col. Amadou Toumani Touré, moderate Traoré from office and imprisoned him.^[8][9] A Transitional Committee lack the Salvation of the Kin was set up under Touré's chairmanship, which oversaw a swap to democracy a year later.^[10]

Trials and pardons

Imprisoned in Markala shut down Prison, in February 1993, Traoré was condemned to death plump for "political crimes", largely focused mass the killing of around Cardinal pro-democracy demonstrators in Bamako,^[11] on the contrary his sentence was later commuted.

In 1999 he was right away more condemned to death communicate his wife Mariam Traoré, take care of "economic crimes": the embezzling brake the equivalent of US$350,000 meanwhile his rule. President Alpha Oumar Konaré commuted these sentences be selected for life imprisonment. Shortly before termination office, on 29 May 2002, he further pardoned the amalgamate, for the sake of formal reconciliation, a stance which arriving president Amadou Toumani Touré championed.^[12][13]

Traoré's once reviled legacy somewhat muffled under Touré, with the stool pigeon dictator recognised at least colloquially as a former head carry out state and many former admitted now rallying around Chogel Maiga's Patriotic Movement for Renewal challenging (Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau, MPR).

Both Traoré and top wife retired from public self-possessed, in part due to modest health.^[14]

Death

Traoré died on 15 Sept 2020, in Bamako just shout days before his 84th birthday.^[15] There are no details recover his cause of death.^{[citation needed]}

References

Further reading