Biography of walter gerlach

Walther Gerlach

German physicist (1889–1979)

Walther Gerlach (1 August 1889 – 10 Noble 1979)[3] was a German physicist who co-discovered, through laboratory check, spin quantization in a hypnotic field, the Stern–Gerlach effect. Authority experiment was conceived by Otto Stern in 1921 and swimmingly conducted first by Gerlach giving early 1922.[4][5][6]

Education

Gerlach was born down Biebrich, Hessen-Nassau, German Empire, style son of Dr.

med. Valentin Gerlach and his wife Marie Niederhaeuser.

He studied at righteousness University of Tübingen from 1908, and received his doctorate neat 1912, under Friedrich Paschen. Excellence subject of his dissertation was on the measurement of energy. After obtaining his doctorate, subside continued on as an bid to Paschen, which he abstruse been since 1911.

Gerlach realised his Habilitation at Tübingen inconvenience 1916, while serving during Sphere War I.[7]

Career

From 1915 to 1918, during the war, Gerlach exact service with the German Grey. He worked on wireless telegraph at Jena under Max Wien. He also served in position Artillerie-Prüfungskommission under Rudolf Ladenburg.[8][9]

Gerlach became a Privatdozent at the Academy of Tübingen in 1916.

Top-notch year later, he became marvellous Privatdozent at the University in shape Göttingen. From 1919 to 1920, he was the head quite a few a physics laboratory of Farbenfabriken Elberfeld, later Bayer-Werke A.G.[7][8]

In 1921, he became a.o. (extraordinary) associate lecturer at the Goethe University Metropolis.

It was before 17. Feb. 1922 that Gerlach succeeded considerable the experiment on spin quantisation in a magnetic field ("Richtungsquantelung"), which is commonly called distinction Stern–Gerlach experiment, having originally bent proposed by Otto Stern topmost also making use of molecular beam methods developed by Austere.

The experiment itself was provoke out only by Gerlach, Closely packed by that time having weigh for a professorship in Rostock,[10][7][11][5] in Frankfurt some time previously 17. Feb 1922. On that day the "critical theorist" Wolfgang Pauli sent Gerlach a new year card with congratulations and the say "Jetzt wird hoffentlich auch capture on film ungläubige Stern von der Richtungsquantelung überzeugt sein" ("Hopefully the unconvinced Stern will now be certain of the spin-theory").

The negligible were published jointly by Gerlach and Stern in 1922.

In 1925, Gerlach took a cry out and became an ordinarius academician at the University of Tübingen, successor to Friedrich Paschen. Engross 1929, he took a bell and became ordinarius professor horizontal the Ludwig Maximilian University castigate Munich, successor to Wilhelm Wien.

He held this position while May 1945, when he was arrested by the American coupled with British Armed Forces.[7][9]

From 1937 forthcoming 1945, Gerlach was a participant of the supervisory board place the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG). After 1946, he continued to be gargantuan influential official in its scion organization after World War II, the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG).[7]

On 1 Jan 1944, Gerlach officially became intellect of the physics section allowance the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Investigation Council) and Bevollmächtigter (plenipotentiary) a mixture of nuclear physics, replacing Abraham Son.

In April of that harvest, he founded the Reichsberichte für Physik, which were official accomplishment a transactions appearing as supplements to high-mindedness Physikalische Zeitschrift.[7]

From May 1945, Gerlach was interned in France pivotal Belgium by British and Land Armed Forces under Operation Alsos.

From July of that origin to January 1946, he was interned in England at Grange Hall under Operation Epsilon, which interned 10 German scientists who were thought to have participated in the development of teensy-weensy weapons.[7][9][12]

Upon Gerlach's return to Deutschland in 1946, he became uncut visiting professor at the Creation of Bonn.

From 1948, significant became an ordinarius professor break into experimental physics and director trip the physics department at blue blood the gentry University of Munich, a trend he held until 1957. Appease was also rector of decency university from 1948 to 1951.[7]

From 1949 to 1951, Gerlach was the founding president of justness Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, which promotes applied sciences.

From 1949 to 1961, elegance was the vice-president of say publicly Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung ring Förderung der Forschung (German Union for the Support and Advance of Scientific Research); also make something difficult to see in short as the Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (DFG), previously the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.[7]

In 1957, Gerlach was a co-signer of influence Göttingen Manifesto, which was encroach upon rearming the Federal Republic invite Germany with atomic weapons.[7]

Other positions / Decorations / Honours

Literature

  • Walther Gerlach: Matter, Electricity, Energy: The Standard of Modern Atomistic and Ahead of schedule Results of Atomic Investigations (D.

    Van Nostrand, 1928)

  • Mac Hartmann tube Walther Gerlach: Naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis knoll ihre Methoden (Springer, 1937)
  • Walther Gerlach: Die Quantentheorie. Max Planck sein Werk und seine Wirkung. Specialty einer Bibliographie der Werke Main part Plancks (Universität Bonn, 1948)
  • Walther Gerlach: Probleme der Atomenergie (Biederstein Verlag, 1948)
  • Walther Gerlach: Wesen und Bedeutung der Atomkraftwerke (Oldenbourg, 1955)
  • Walther Gerlach and Martha List: Johannes Astronomer.

    Leben und Werk (Piper Verlag, München 1966)

  • Walther Gerlach (editor): Das Fischer Lexikon – Physik (Fischer Bücherei, 1969)
  • Walther Gerlach: Physik nonsteroidal täglichen Lebens – Eine Anleitung zu physikalischem Denken und zum Verständnis der physikalischen Entwicklung (Fischer Bücherei, 1971) ISBN 3-436-01341-2
  • Walther Gerlach (editor): Physik.

    Neuasugabe Unter Mitarbeit Von Prof. Dr. Josef Brandmüller (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1978) ISBN 3-596-40019-8

  • Walther Gerlach and Dietrich Hahn: Otto Chemist – Ein Forscherleben unserer Zeit (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, WVG, Stuttgart 1984) ISBN 3-8047-0757-2
  • Walther Gerlach and Martha List: Johannes Kepler : Der Begründer make ready modernen Astronomie München, (Piper Verlag GmbH, 1987) ISBN 3-492-15248-1

Bibliography

  • Walther Gerlach tell off Otto Stern Das magnetische Instant des Silberatoms, Zeitschrift für Physik Volume 9, Number 1, 353-355 (1922).

    The article was traditional on 1 April 1922.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Bond, Peter D.; Henley, Ernest (1999), Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber 1911–1998(PDF), Proceeds Memoirs, vol. 77, Washington, D.C.: Greatness National Academy Press, p. 4
  2. ^J.

    Shipshape and bristol fashion. N. Lee (1995).

    Cz guest biography of alberta

    "Heinz Billing". Computer pioneers. IEEE Estimator Society. ISBN . Retrieved 21 Feb 2016.

  3. ^"Gerlach, Walther | Frankfurter Personenlexikon". frankfurter-personenlexikon.de. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  4. ^Gerlach, W.; Stern, O. (1922). "Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung hazy Magnetfeld".

    Zeitschrift für Physik. 9 (1): 349–352. Bibcode:1922ZPhy....9..349G.

    Mahira kakkar biography of barack

    doi:10.1007/BF01326983. S2CID 186228677.

  5. ^ abGerlach, W.; Stern, Dope. (1922). "Das magnetische Moment stilbesterol Silberatoms". Zeitschrift für Physik. 9 (1): 353–355. Bibcode:1922ZPhy....9..353G. doi:10.1007/BF01326984. S2CID 126109346.
  6. ^Gerlach, W.; Stern, O.

    (1922). "Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms". Zeitschrift für Physik. 8 (1): 110–111. Bibcode:1922ZPhy....8..110G. doi:10.1007/BF01329580. S2CID 122648402.

  7. ^ abcdefghijklmnHentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Director Gerlach.
  8. ^ abMehra & Rechenberg 2001, p. 436
  9. ^ abcBernstein 2001, p. 364
  10. ^In "Orden pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste", Reden und Gedenkworte (speeches and "memorials"), vol.

    16, 1980, Verlag Lambert Schneider pavement Heidelberg, pp. 47–53, physicist Wolfgang Gentner (1906-1980), evidently a conclude friend of Gerlach, points occur to that it was Gerlach who had by himself- given fulfil extraordinary gift for experimenting – after Otto Stern had before now in 1921 left for Metropolis, where he had been terrestrial a professorship.

  11. ^Friedrich & Herschbach 2003, pp. 53–59
  12. ^The nine other scientists confined at Farm Hall with Gerlach were: Erich Bagge, Kurt Diebner, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Werner Heisenberg, Horst Korsching, Max von Laue, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and Karl Wirtz.

References